JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM: National Symbol

According to the Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), official national symbols of the Philippines represent the country’s traditions and ideals and convey the principles of Philippine sovereignty and national solidarity. Some of these symbols are stated in the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, which is also known as Republic Act 8491. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino as stated in the Constitution of the Philippines. Aside from those stated symbols in the Constitution and in Republic Act 8491, there are only five official national symbols of the Philippines enacted through law, namely 1) sampaguita as national flower, 2) narra as national tree, 3) the Philippine eagle as national bird, 4) Philippine pearl as national gem and > 5) arnis as national sport. There are symbols such as the carabao (national animal), mango (national fruit) and anahaw (national leaf) that are widely known as national symbols but have no laws recognizing them as official national symbols. Even Jose Rizal, who is widely considered as a national hero, has not been declared officially as a national hero in any existing Philippine law according to historical experts. Although in 2003, Benigno Aquino, Jr. was officially declared by the President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as a national hero by an executive order. On the other hand, a National Artist of the Philippines is a rank or a title given to a Filipino citizen in recognition to the recipient's contributions to Philippine arts and letters and they are not considered as a national symbol that represents traditions and ideals. On February 17, 2014, Bohol First District Representative Rene Relampagos filed a bill at the Philippine House of Representatives that seeks to declare or re-declare and to recognize a number of national symbols. The proposed bill, House Bill 3926 or the "Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014", aims also to encourage nationalism and unity; to guarantee respect, preservation and promotion of national symbols; and to correct the "unofficial" status of the symbols. Among the proposed national symbols listed in the measure are Jose Rizal as the only historical Filipino to be recognized as national hero, adobo as national food and jeepney as national vehicle. It also includes the previously mentioned national symbols. During the Commonwealth Era in 1934, it was Governor-General Frank Murphy who declared sampaguita and narra as national flower and national tree, respectively, through Proclamation No. 652. Philippine President Fidel Ramos proclaimed the Philippine eagle as the national bird in 1995 through Proclamation No. 615. Ramos also declared the South Sea Pearl or Philippine Pearl as the national gem in 1996 through Proclamation No. 905. In 2009, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declared arnis as the national sport and martial art through Republic Act 9850. In February 2013, the Philippine Senate passed a bill declaring waling-waling (Vanda sanderiana) as the national flower alongside sampaguita. A similar bill in the House of Representatives had already been passed in 2012. Normally, the bill would become law after being signed by the President however, it was vetoed by President Benigno Aquino III. The veto has left the waling-waling as an unofficial national symbol.

Philippines National Symbols

MAKING A NATIONAL SYMBOL OFFICIAL

A Philippine national symbol will be considered official once it is declared through a law or a proclamation. National symbols such as the cariñosa, carabao, bangus (milkfish), and anahaw (footstool palm) that are circulating through various sources have no official status and have not established by law. According to Nestor Castro, a Filipino cultural anthropologist, most of these unofficial symbols were passed on as tradition in schools every start of the school year when students were asked to buy posters containing the supposed national symbols. While official national symbols are declared through law, Castro and National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Section Chief Teodoro Atienza considered that the public must be consulted first before declaration of national symbol.

FILIPINOS AS NATIONAL SYMBOL

According to the NHCP Section Chief Teodoro Atienza, and Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo, there is no Filipino historical figure officially declared national hero through law or executive order, although there were laws and proclamations honoring Filipino heroes. In the Rizal Law principally sponsored by Claro M. Recto and enacted in 1956, Jose Rizal is mentioned as a national hero in the "whereas" clause of the law. Although, "whereas" clauses function as a preamble or introduction and it is not part of the provisions. On November 15, 1995, the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee, created through Executive Order No. 5 by former President Fidel Ramos, recommended nine Filipino historical figures to be National Heroes: Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apolinario Mabini, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat, Juan Luna, Melchora Aquino, and Gabriela Silang. No action has been taken for these recommended National Heroes until it was revisited in one of the proceedings of the 14th Congress in 2009. On 3 August 2009, shortly after the death of former President Corazon Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino, Jr., legislative measures have been filed calling for her official recognition as a national hero. Congresswoman Liwayway Vinzons-Chato filed a house resolution declaring Corazon Aquino a national hero. Although, a week after she filed the resolution, she realized that there is no Filipino historical figure declared through law. On August 10, 2009, she cited on her privilege speech in Congress the nine Filipino heroes recommended by National Heroes Committee in 1995. She then urge the Congress to sign the resolutions declaring the nine Filipinos recommended by the National Heroes Committee plus Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Corazon Aquino as national heroes. Congressman Salvador Escudero interpellated Vinzons-Chato's speech and stated that heroes are made in the hearts and minds of people and not through legislation. After the interpellation, it was moved by House of Representatives to refer the privilege speech of Vinzons-Chato to the Committee of Basic Education and Culture. Up to now, these resolutions have not been acted upon. As mentioned earlier, in a measure filed by Congressman Relampagos from Bohol in February 2014, he sought to declare Jose Rizal as the sole Filipino national hero. According to the bill, he was a nationalist and well known for his Philippine reforms advocacy during the Spanish colonial era.

RIZAL AS A NATIONAL SYMBOL

It was shown in the previous lesson how Rizal was recognized as our national hero. Granting that he belongs to the unofficial national symbols, it cannot be de-nied that Rizal’s name and memory have long been representing the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity, symbolizing our country.
Even in the international arena, Rizal’s name elicits the name of our country. In places where he had been and where his books [and the books about him] are found in foreign libraries, the name Philippines is necessarily indicated. Indeed, Ri-zal is unquestionably the greatest hero and martyr of our nation. Borrowing the words of De Ocampo:
"The day of his birth and the day of his execution are fittingly commemorated by all classes of our people throughout the length and breadth of this country and even by Filipinos and their friends abroad. His name is a byword in every Filipino home while his picture adorns the postage stamp and paper money of widest circulation. No other Filipino hero can surpass Rizal in the number of towns, barrios, and streets named after him; in the number of educational institutions, societies, and trade names that bear his name; in the number of persons, both Filipinos and foreigners, who were named "Rizal" or "Rizalina" because of their parents’ admiration for the Great Malayan; and in the number of laws, Executive Orders and Proclamations of the Chief Executive, and bulletins, memoranda, and circulars of both the bureaus of public and private schools. Who is the Filipino writer and thinker whose teachings and noble thoughts have been frequently invoked and quoted by authors and public speakers on almost all occasions? None but Rizal. And why is this so? Because as biographer Rafael Palma said, "The doctrines of Rizal are not for one epoch but for all epochs. They are as valid today as they were yesterday. It cannot be said that because the political ideals of Rizal have been achieved, because of the change in the institutions, the wisdom of his counsels or the value of his doctrines have ceased to be opportune. They have not."

VALUES DERIVED FROM RIZAL’S LIFE

From the various representations of Rizal as a national symbol, one may learn significant ideals and principles that may be of good use in everyday life. By studying Rizal’s life and works, the following values may be captured (as adopted from Mañebog et. Al, 2018):

1. Nationalism and Patriotism

Nationalism involves the desire to attain freedom and political independence, especially by a country under a foreign power. Jose Rizal’s life, works and writings, especially his novels, radiate this value.

2. Patriotism

Patriotism denotes proud devotion and loyalty to one’s nation. Rizal’s visions and proposals on how the people of our country could be on the road to progress are commendable. The aim, of course, is so that the Filipinos could enjoy the fullness of nationhood, especially politically, culturally, and economically, under the mantle of national solidarity.

3. Faith in God

When Rizal was studying in Madrid, Spain, he assured his mother, through his letter, of his faith in God. When his sister Olympia dided of childbirth in 1887, Rizal pronounced, console myself saying that it was the will of God and what He does must be the best.”

4. Love of Fellowmen

Rizal advocated thinking well of our fellowmen. His life exemplified the principle that love of neighbor entails involvement in his or her behalf. Rizal’s thought on love for our fellowmen is biblical and timeless.

5. Love of Parents

Rizal’s love for his parents is great and very admirable. He studied medicine and ophthalmology just to cure his mother’s failing eyesight. Rizal also adored his father. In 1881, he made a clay bust of his father. About six years later, he carved a life-size wood sculpture of Don Francisco as an expression of his love for him. In his novels, Noli and El Fili, the character of Ibarra has also shown his love for his father.

7. Purity and idealism

Rizal was a person guided not only by practical considerations but also by ideals. Extraordinary also was his insistence on purity of thoughts.

8. Noble Thought and Conduct

Rizal’s works and writings promoted good conduct, clean conscience, and upright thinking. In his writings, for instance, he advised mothers to awaken the mind of the children and prepare them for every good and desirable thought and deed.

9. Charity

Rizal seemed to feel happy when he could give joy to somebody. All his sacri-fices for his country were charitable acts for his fellowmen.

10. Dedication to Duty

Dedication to one’s duty was another splendid virtue of Rizal. He virtually dedicated his whole life in securing freedom for his country and happiness for his people, a commitment historically unequaled in the history of his country.

11. Moral Courage

Rizal’s courage in working for the betterment of his country, despite all odds, is a virtue that is so essential even today. His moral courage to do the best for his people is worth imitating by our present leaders.

12. Willpower

Willpower is the ability to control or restrain oneself. Although the Spanish colonizers instilled in Rizal’s generation inferiority complex and the idea that locals were better governed by the Spaniards, Rizal worked on the opposite idea that his people could be great and deserved freedom.

13. Integrity

Integrity refers to the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. In many aspects, Rizal is a model of moral uprightness and honesty. These virtues he held were the result of his constant love and search for the truth.

14. Sincerity

Patriotism denotes proud devotion and loyalty to one’s nation. Rizal’s visions and proposals on how the people of our country could be on the road to progress are commendable. The aim, of course, is so that the Filipinos could enjoy the fullness of nationhood, especially politically, culturally, and economically, under the mantle of national solidarity.

15. Self-Denial

Rizal gave up his personal desires for a better cause, that is, working for the welfare of his country. His self-denial involved self-sacrifice and altruism.

16. Perseverance

It refers to the steadfastness in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success. In serving his country, Rizal showed mental and moral strength in meeting and enduring pain, adversity and peril.

17. Discipline and Self-Control

Discipline is the suppression of base desires, and is typically understood to be synonymous with self-restraint and control. In many instances, Rizal used reason to determine the best course of action regardless of his desires. In fact, he deprived himself of many unsound pleasures.

18. Initiative

Initiative is the ability to assess and initiate things independently. Patriotic as he was, Rizal manifested the power to act or take charge before others do, especially in nationalistic pursuits.

19. Prudence

Prudence is care, caution and good judgment, as well as wisdom in looking ahead. Rizal showed prudence in choosing the best means of accomplishing things. He had the habit of selecting the most courteous and profitable course of action.

20. Chivalry, Courtesy and Politeness

Chivalry is the combination of qualities expected of an ideal gentleman, es-pecially courtesy and readiness to help the weak or women. Rizal’s sense of chivalry prompted him to challenge Antonio Luna to a duel when the intoxicated Luna made negative comments against a woman. Nellie Boustead. Being well-bred, Rizal was courteous as he was gracious and considerate towards others.

21. Frugality

Rizal was careful about spending money and any other resources and in using thing when he did not need to. He practice frugality when he was a student Madrid; he would have his shoes repaired instead of buying new ones. To economize in the printing of his Noli, Rizal deleted the chapter “Elias and Salome,” which was supposed to be Chapter 25.

22. Love for Justice

Justice refers to fairness in the way people are dealt with. Having a good conscience, Rizal found joy in being just and in fighting for justice. He died fighting for justice not only for himself and his family but also for his people.

CRITERIA FOR NATIONAL HEROES

The concept of officially recognizing heroes began in the Philippines in 1900 when the Philippine Commission (Pardo de Tavera, Legarda, Luzurriaga (Filipino members) and headed by William Howard Taft) approved Act No. 137 combining the districts of Morong and Manila to be named as “Province of Rizal,” in honor of the most illustrious Filipino. From that time on, heroes were celebrated here and there, hearing their names in many speeches, declaring holidays, naming streets, constructing monuments, and many more, in their honor.
It was until one day that the need to evaluate the situation was proposed, realizing that there were so many names that were acknowledged as heroes. During Ferdinand Marcos’ presidency, he tasked the National Heroes Commission to come up with the criteria for national hero. On March 28, 1993, thru the President’s Executive Order No. 75 under the former President Fidel V. Ramos, the National Heroes Committee (NHC) was created. They were commissioned to study, evaluate and recommend historical figures to be declared as national heroes. The Committee composed of worthy members , with a series of discussions came up with the new criteria. The criteria is composed of 10 standards and they are as follows:

1. The extent of a person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the country
2. The motive and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal (Was his ideal purely for the welfare of the country and without any taint of self-interested motives, most of all the method of attainment should be morally valid)
3. The moral character of the person concerned (the person should not have any immorality issue that affected his ideal)
4. The influence of the person concerned on his age and or the succeeding age.
5. Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s freedom (they must have desired the country’s freedom in any situation especially when there’s a threat of invasion in any form).
6. Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system of life of freedom and order for a nation (one who helps in the orderliness and betterment of the country).
7. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation.
8. A hero is part of the people’s expression (the citizen must have recognized and acknowledged the person as a hero).
9. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations, his concern for the future generations must be seen in his decisions and ideals).
10. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history, but of the entire process that made this particular person a hero.